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Sacagawea Biography

Introduction
Sacagawea was born around 1788 and died on December 20, 1812 to the best of our knowledge, although that date has been disputed. She was a Shoshone Indian woman who went along with Meriweather Lewis and William Clark on their exploration of the Western part of the United States. During the expedition, Sacagawea traveled for thousands of miles from the area of North Dakota to the Pacific Ocean between the years of 1804 and 1806. During her trip, she was given the name of Janey by William Clark.
Historical facts are limited regarding Sacagawea. Even so, she has become a big part of the story of Lewis and Clark. She was even adopted as a symbol of women's independence and their worth by the National American Woman Suffrage Association. There have since been a number of plaques and statues erected in her memory. This has helped to spread her fame today. There is additionally a Sacagawea dollar coin that has been issued by the United States that shows Sacagawea and her son, Jean Baptiste. Since we are not quite sure what she looked like, her face was modeled based on the face of a modern Shoshone-Bannock woman whose name is Randy'L He-dow Teton.
Sacagawea was born into the Salmon Eater tribe of the Lemhi Shoshone. The tribe was located between Kenney Creek and Agency Creek, which was approximately twenty minutes from Salmon in Lemhi County, Idaho. At the age of about twelve, Sacagawea and a few other girls were kidnapped by the Hidatsa or Minnetarees, and this battle caused the death or four men of her tribe, four women, and a few boys. At the time, she was taken to a Hidatsa village which was near the present day Washburn, North Dakota.
At the early age of only thirteen, Sacagawea was taken as a wife to a Quebecer trapper named Toussaint Charbonneau. He already had another wife, a young Shoshone named Otter Woman, as his wife. He had either purchased both of his wives from the Hidatsa Indians, or else he had won Sacagawea while he was gambling.
The Lewis and Clark Expedition
Sacagawea was pregnant with her son when the Corps of Discovery came to the Hidatsa village in order to spend the winter of 1805-1806. William Clark and Meriweather Lewis were busy interviewing some prospective translators or guides for their mission to explore up the Mississippi River in the spring. They decided to hire Charbonneau, Sacagawea's husband, to be the interpreter when they learned that his wife spoke the language of the Shoshone. This is because they were aware that they would need the support of the Shoshone tribes at the headwaters of the Mississippi River.
Soon Sacagawea and Charbonneau moved into the fort. Jean Baptiste, the son of Sacagawea and Charbonneau, was born on February 11, 1805. Clark nicknamed the boy "Little Pomp" or "Pompy," and this nickname stuck.
Beginning in April, the group left Fort Mandan and began heading up the Missouri River. On May 14, 1805, Sacagawea was helpful to the group by rescuing items that had fallen from the boat that had capsized. These items included the journals and the records that Lewis and Clark had been keeping. The corp commanders were impressed with her quick action, and as a result, they named the Sacagawea River in her honor on the date of May 20, 1805.
By the time August came of that same year, the group had found a Shoshone tribe and was trying to trade for horses in order to cross the Rocky Mountains. Sacagawea was needed in order to assist with translations, and she learned that the chief of the tribe was her brother, Cameahwait. The Shoshone tribe agreed to trade horses for the group and to provide guides to help them get over the challenging Rocky Mountains. During this challenging time, they even had to eat tallow candles in order to keep from starving. When they got to the more temperate regions after descending from the mountains, Sacagawea was able to help them find and then cook camas roots to help them return to health.
As the expedition neared the mouth of the Columbia River, Sacagawea unselfishly gave up her belt that was beautifully beaded so that she could let the captains trade for a fur robe that they wanted to give to President Jefferson. When the group finally arrived at the Pacific Ocean, they all were allowed to vote on where they would build their fort to live out the winter. When a whale's carcass came up onto shore on the beach that was south of Fort Clatsop, she insisted upon seeing it.
They left again to return home, and they reached the Rocky Mountains in July of 1806. On July 6, Sacagawea informed Clark that she has seen the plain many times and knew it. She advised Clark to cross into the Yellowstone River basin at Bozeman Pass, which was later chosen as the best route for the Northern Pacific Railway to cross.
Even though today Sacagawea is portrayed as a guide for the expedition, she only was able to provide directions in a couple of rare instances. However, her translation ability helped the party to be able to negotiate with the Shoshone, and that was important. Her presence, though, may have been her most important value, as traveling with an Indian woman indicated that their intent was peace. During the expedition, William Clark had become especially close to her son, Pomp.
After the expedition, Sacagawea and her husband, Charbonneau, spent three years living among the Hidatsa before they accepted the invitation of William Clark to settle in St. Louis, Missouri. They went there in 1809 and entrusted the education of Jean-Baptiste to William Clark, who then enrolled him in the Saint Louis Academy Boarding School. Sacagawea also had a daughter, named Lizette at some point after 1810. It is saide that Sacagawea died in 1812 of an unknown sickness. At this point, it was believed that she was about 25 years old and that she had left behind Lizette, her young infant girl. Jean Baptiste had already been entrusted to the care of Clark and a boarding school education. Just a few months later, fifteen men had been killed at Fort Lisa in an Indian attack. John Luttig and Lizette were said to be among the survivors of the attack. Toussaint Charbonneau was thought to have perished, but it turns out that he had lived to at least eighty years old. He actually gave up formal custody of Jean Baptiste to William Clark in 1813. Court paper also indicate that Clark adopted Lizette Charbonneau, who was about a year old. However, it is not believed that she survived her childhood, as there are no more records of her in Clark's papers.
There are some who believe that Sacagawea did not die in 1812, but instead left her husband, crossed the Great Plains, and married into the tribe of the Comanche. It is also said that she returned back to the Shoshone in Wyoming and died in 1884. In 1925, a Dakota Sioux physician named Dr. Charles Eastman, was hired by the Bureau of Indian Affairs to locate the remains of Sacagawea. He went to a number of Indian tribes in order to interview the elders of the tribe to see if anyone had known of or heard of Sacagawea. He learned about a Shoshone woman at the Wind River Reservation with the Comanche name of Porivo. Some of the elders he interviewed said that she spoke of a long journey in which she had assisted white men, and she had a silver Jefferson peace medal which was like the one carried by Lewis and Clark in their expedition. He found Tacutine, a Comanche woman, who said that Porivo was her grandmother. She had married into the tribe of the Comanche and had a number of children, including Tacutine's father, Ticannaf. Porivo had apparently left the tribe after her husband, Jerk-Meat, was killed. These stories relate that Porivo lived for a period of time at Fort Bridger with her children, Bazil and Baptiste. Both knew a few languages, which included both French and English. Finally Porivo went back to th e Lemhi Shoshone at the Wind River Indian Reservation and she was recorded as the mother of Bazil. She died on April 9, 1884. It is the conclusion of Dr. Eastman that Porivo was Sacagawea.
The belief that she was able to live to an old age has been passed around in the United States due to professor and historian Grace Raymond Hebard from the University of Wyoming. She wrote a biography of Sacagawea in 1933.
Sacagawea's name spelling has been up in the air for a fairly long time. Lewis and Clark didn't ever spell it the same way when they mentioned her journals. It is believed that Sacagawea is a close pronunciation of her name, though probably the most accurate spelling in terms of pronunciation is Sakakawea. There isn't much record of her outside of Lewis of what Lewis and Clark wrote about her, and generally, this is the reason that not even her true name is known. Toussant Charbonneau was, like many people at the time, a frontiersman, and unlike our image of these people, this generally means that he wasn't a fame or glory-seeker. They generally lived solitary lives, died young, and were lost to history.
There has naturally been speculation about the relationship between Sacagawea and Clark, but there is no evidence that the two of them were ever romantically involved. William Clark was a rare example in Early America. He was a friend to the Native Americans, and spent much of his life after the expedition trying to live up (and futilely trying to get the country that he represented to live up) to the promises of peace and good will he made to the tribes he met on the plains and in the mountains, but most of America at the time did not have quite so amenable temperaments. Regardless, the fact that Clark attempted to raise his former guide's children showed that, at the very least, the explorer had fond feelings towards her and her husband.
Ultimately, the expedition may have been possible without Sacagawea, but almost certainly not with much more problems from the Native American tribes. As it was, only a single man died on the Lewis and Clark expedition, and he died of bilious colic, which was an affliction he would have died from had he been in the cities of the east coast. The expedition was really an unparalleled success, and one of the great moments in American history, a moment that was tinged with tragic irony afterwards by the treatment of the Native Americans when the rest of America followed Lewis and Clark out west.
Today there is a 71 acre park that is located in Salmon, Idaho near Sacagawea's homeland. It is called the Sacajawea Interpretive, Cultural, and Educational Center. It is owned and operated by Salmon, the city, and in a partnership with the Bureau of Land Management, Salmon-Challis National Forest, Idaho Governor's Lewis & Clark Trail Committee, Idaho Department of Fish & Game, and many other volunteer and non-profit organizations. A number of places have also erected statues and memorials in her honor.
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